Is your compass actually wrong? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice explore magnetic fields, why clocks go clockwise, and how phone numbers got their area codes.
NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free.
Thanks to our Patrons Ed B, Thomas Skov, Kelly Castro, tasos, Doug Dee, and Antonio Gutiérrez Pérez for supporting us this week.
Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
This is an unofficial transcript meant for reference. Accuracy is not guaranteed.
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dark talk for the rest of this day. I'm just going to be play.
Now the gang ran your every
in our view, a booby bearing out rat poorly. Your love me on the day of my dogs were what are you?
This gs are welcome, start up your place in the universe. Where
and pop culture collide. Dartle begin right,
This is starting a things,
thought you knew edition.
Which abbreviated is T. Why t t? Why can t? I t
ok, thank you, thought you knew little girls who thought it alright check good to have you here this stuff,
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and some of our most popular segments
they have come from sends you thought you most people, don't know anything tat s, five, don't know you don't flow.
Nothing. The thing is you don't know
you don't know, that's the real day that I asked the stats the struggle so arise here we go
I was thinking the other day about compasses. Ok,
what it's a little like you know, little shops
Everything on the end of it was a great way you poke somebody.
But what is it's? Ok, yeah mass, also
certain you're carrying instruments of mass
induction yes, yeah, no, no cumbersome
about I'm tired of the kind that, where you find your way, okay, all right! That's all! I'm! Sorry! That's why
did not become an astronaut,
and you flung the arbitrary
is a hazard to the map is about as it asic, so
You may know that einstein as a child was fascinated that this,
compass and his little needle would always fight
it's way north. There was
gray magic force with
no strings attached
then moved the compass, the compass needle and he was intrigue.
This yeah. That was that during his time at hogwarts thought it yet
No for a while. The earth has a magnetic field,
and there was lodestone, which is naturally occurring variant of iron. That is basically a magnet
and the people just experimenting with it playing with it would notice that it aligns without anybody touching it ok week. We will ultimately perfect this into a compass and the comfort of points.
worth so there's a little needle with an end on it and
that little needle points north every time. So a couple of facts just to consider it
magnetism opposites, attract and in love of opposite to try
act and the north pole of the
it'll of my compass,
points north that means earths. South. Magnetic pole is north hang on for a second here.
because that one might, I heard a little person? Would it be too
this urban policy they had heard just a little bit
So you see the needle itself is met
the ties north and it points north.
which means right. It's fine to the south pole of her. It points north if
Take it up to any odd magnet, there's an orthodox
Paul brings
this near it that north pole is gonna. Point two of the men of the needle is gonna point to the
parliament is going to point to the south. Yes, because opposites attract right. Absolutely! Ok! That's it! That's gonna points, because that's what attracts it? Ok,
so severe. I work may earths. Ok, south magnetic pole is in the north, I gotcha, and that still heard. Ok, let's keep going
are the south magnetic pole, which is in the north, which is in the north
does not a line with earth? Geographic pole we're safe,
was it it does not alone do not in the same place. Ok, ok
when I was growing up the north,
netteke pole, which contains the south pole rights, which is still called the noise.
Because it's easier that Paul right.
was in northern canada, so
if you are south of that pull your companies would basically point.
worth, but if you're north of that paul between
in our magnetic pole and the geographic pull your companies would point do south geographically south
and if you anywhere to the side, it would then did inward. So good boy scout books would give the correction for where
actual cause at the end. Give a shit we're the magnetic pole. Is you care where santa claus is?
ro geographies, what you care about now,
the magnetism is not
for you at the north magnetic pole. Ok, so they would,
cause we don't we once again at the media is canadian. That's a disaster now
so you wanna trucker. Is that what you wanted a drunk
sorry, so the only canadian joker knows when the learning has said.
canada, and they said what
Are you going to spell it out what we just we think
c and d thou spells it see,
but then yeah that's how they got into DA. That's all the a's got into the spelling that that's how they that's, how they end up, spelling bad, not bad, not bad, or so they would give correction,
so. If you knew what latitude you were on earth, no, what longitude you were
in your latitude. You know how to correctly angle, for it alright, so here's my point, the north magnetic pole, is on a mission.
It is moving fact it moves,
a little less.
Then a mile per week. Why that's a lie? Yes, just thirty to fifty.
Miles per year due north says my childhood: ok
so I'm an old fort. So over the last
two years there. It is
but it like didn't nay in middle Canada somewhere and started going north. It is
passing the north pole on route.
Siberia wholly crap? Yes,
you're compass has never been more accurate before because is
by is coming along the left side of the north pole such close to the north pole north geographical report.
Then: it's then it's ever been in, like recorded history, okay, wow
and so is gonna- is gonna. Go on its way over to Siberia,
Is because earth core which has iron in it, that's molten that conducts electricity as it convex is something called the dynamo where, if you have
magnetic material that can move the movement of that electrically, conducting material such as iron
for I will induce a magnetic field. That'll take over the whole planet, they'll be manifest across the planet,
so, but that is if it, the fact that things are moving means it's not perfectly coupled to the rest of the planet. So the cork and rotated a slightly different rate than the whole planet does, and it could sort of.
Process back and it can do things and right now, what it's doing is is its is talking its north pole.
which is really the south pole out of canada.
by the north pole and andrew to serve, make it a bee line for siberia. That did you say it's twice.
We have already heard
so strain, let me at all
I don't blame anybody for trying to make a living magnetic fields. Is yours
The word should be more familiar than it is, but it's toy
a lot mechanics, no, the word torque, but no one physicists, but nobody else does a talking is you view, grab honest?
thing and set it to rotate or not. So talking is a force that, instead
putting something into straight motion puts it
rotational motion. Does it work to cool worry too,
or this you, you, you yeah yeah. So this is
What's going on with the magnetic field. I just want to update you on that. That's pretty cool ass!
yeah and has no requirement that the maiden
field, exactly a line with the geography, in fact like a bit
It says that it wooden because, like you said it's, you know that the core is spinning
side of you know this camera liquid euro exactly exactly as it is more fluid saward lower, so that some coupling but is not tight coupling. So right,
It's always wandering it's wandering him so so I may play
It's that have solid course don't have magnetic fields
The moon is solid. All the way through no magnetic field,
think mars is solid. All the way through its got, hardly any,
Barely any magnetic field so but earth we know, has an active core and
by the way there are stars in the universe, neutron stars
that have magnetic fields that, if the magnetic field is steeply angles,
To the rotation axis
means well
thing rotates its swings past your field to view the north pole or what whatever its both like, that
and in so doing it can accelerate particles and give off radio waves.
But these radio waves will pulse past your field, a view.
So we call these stars pulse
How far is yes, what get used to it?
AL pulsar is a
netteke neutron, star with a magnetic field, access is tipped
so that as it rotates its swings past your field of view, so nothing is actually pulsing right.
It's just is like a lighthouse effect ray
There is a perfect later we are now when I was a kid.
also was watch, that's all we live, but they got their word from us just so you know we gotta, for we got there. First forget it
we got there first, with a whole lot of vocabulary. Like anti matter. Does us first? Ok?
come on. I was start. No reference starts right. You know, you start that from star trek have to stop that they didn't,
They made up and doesn't exist like dilithium crystals by book. I guess it said:
does this lithium but there's no dilithium, there's no die, definitely no dilithium crystal there's flux and there's a capacitor, but there's no flux capacity.
anyhow
so, and this made every feel, oh by the way there
times with em, where our magnetic field has flipped. Ok,
and the people read about this and they worry that when they say of the access is gonna,
if they think, as I think, our physical access and a word that I will be the end of the world. But now the maid netteke axis what'll.
It is the dynamo slow
down dies, dies fades, then the magnetic field disappears
and then it reappears but flipped from what it was before. So in that future,
the actual magnetic north pole will be in the north and south,
which is well, then all points out when there
oh by the way, you know something that happens too
son every eleven years. That's
Could the sun rotates months once a month? Ok, that's pretty fast!
something, a million times larger than the earth, and so
It has a magnetic field that magnetic field slowly dissipates goes way comes back.
And resets itself, pointing the other.
wretched and all sunspots come in pairs and the sun spot
here is a positive and negative of a magnetic field. So,
It is all very cool s that is
and call cool. I didn't. I never knew that when the sun's obtain any field is getting weaker and weaker and before it was almost ass. Sunspots go away.
While so this magnetic thing it is not just a amidst its is active force operating on this world and others. It's just that. I tell you.
Love it all right. I've got one look if this was a good one
I wonder if you have, it is still have one of those bar magnets take a string with a thin thread,
hi exactly in the middle and just dangle it there and it will align. If you don't have to be inside of a compass vessel it'll, just it'll,
Fines blind is where magnetic north right now is pretty close to santa yes, sir,
and one last thing before, we call it quits at grand central terminal in new york city,
Yes in the subway YAP on the floor, ok is accomplished, rose.
Oh yeah, that's right! Now, there's no compass! No there's no
There's no need a low wages in your case or the actual and is getting the north this real on the geography of the world. That's why
so innocent subway, so it's just ass, get you
it's getting late, inlaid into their way onto the floor. You got less and less attractive. Was there has been a lot of subway construction
employers! You never know what the rats we're gonna do. Some decided they exist
we're gonna redecorate, not sorry. Looking at this is pretty was tasty. When we talk about not notice,
I got it because rose has all the directions right, so the rats from the east,
these points.
egress from the south of the town they come in and that's the you know, that's where all the dons are having their rats have yeah.
For the rest, I will call the meeting.
I'm sorry man, I am no good. Now I am for the rest of this day. I'm just going to be playing now. You know
The gang ran to new york every
the mafia booby bailing out just you know like,
Rat poorly your mouth, you moved me on a beggar. My dog
Are you asking me for this gene
they might be
everything you ever wanted to know about. Compasses there it is yes, all right, do we're gonna, take it
all right when we come back more tea. Why why K Baker
what'll you.
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with neil the grass thyssen web drag,
thought, you knew addition star talk, so
do you know why clocks reckon time clockwise is over? You know he had Ass a bit knock. You see what I was about to lose.
Try to think of something put the burden of immediately. I went left to right, but that is clocks came about before left to right. So you know in terms of
we read left to right, but we're not the only people that read left. So you know what I mean we're there are people who read up and down. Some people read right to left, so you know
that is just to be clear. All the hands of a clock also go from right to left when there between the three in the I re. That's just to be clear.
there you go. So that's not that's! That's not it so that okay, so why wise that's just the way they did.
and then all of a sudden we just started calling a clockwise.
Ok
ok, but I say again that the reason is simple and complicated at the same time. Ok, I'm on the
later the sun rise is due east and sets due west.
Every day we hear, and it is the only place on earth. Where that happens. I, and so the
and the sun goes high overhead, giving literal meaning to high noon, and let it goes over before it is its stamp bond.
for paris as you hike north, the ark the sun takes in the sky goes farther and farther south.
It's no longer goes directly overhead. It just at the ark going from east to west just
sits, lower and lower in the sky uk. Until you hit the arctic circle, where the sun is,
is practically horizontal to the horizon.
Goes all the way around, but we're we're here in new york city, where middle latitude, so the sun's path through the sky is
the enemy in between somewhere. Ok, that means it's basically almost always south of you. Just think about that. If
the equator. It's to your left and above your head into the right as you.
walk north. The sun's arc deeply
and you are behind you- south, ok, ok, if south so
Here's the point in the northern hemisphere. If you ever facing the son, you will never be facing north.
It is never nor ever this
Where does the moss grown?
on the tree on the net,
What kind of the dream
The sun never pits that side of these objects in the northern hemisphere of k in the southern hemisphere, the office
and they would grow moss,
on their southern side. Ok, because the sun would always then be north of here.
They are and it's fun when I visit the southern hemisphere, I'm always just rethinking all. This is just a fun thing to wreak construct the geometry of earth in space relative to the son I'll carry
civilization as we know it,
began in the northern hemisphere, all right. What was that one of the first time keeping device?
These people used sun, dial, sun dial, so a sun dial as all
the hours of the day on a flat surface and is a thing sticking up that actually has at official word. I would just,
stick? But the official word is gnomon dingy
and oh am oh and no man no drew.
No, not rang nome good omen. Guenaud me! So,
the norman.
when illuminated by the sun cast a shadow on these numbers, and you calibrate this.
depending on what latitude you're in on earth surface beat a different sun dial. If you had a different latitude
if send out only works for one latitude: ok, ok, all right! So picture this! Ok, I got myself
I hope, and I got my gnomon and the sun rises in the east. Ok
as the sun rises up the nome and cast a shadow.
these hours that are carved into the brass plate right and we can ask.
What direction does the gnome in shadow move right? Yeah, sun, dial, gnomon shadow moves clock lie
there you go. Alright. All the way until the sun is in the west and it cast a shadow far over on the right hand, side of the dial if you're facing south
Why then nighttime coms and no men blows what time it is not bad at it, but I'll be facing north and my example is so sunday
are completely useless at night, like spider man in the middle of a meadow. Now you should come up with that.
Outruns vitamin c,
views, but I d up up up up up up. Ok, so I never saw her room. Spiderman
would work. So if you're gonna now make some kind of physical clock that is inspired by this
Amazing time keeping device called a sun dial, then it makes sense that you would track time
in the same direction as the sunday correct exactly so. Our clocks,
You laid it son.
Annabelle, son dials- that is so cool correct awry. But that also means, though this is evidence that civilization
invented some dials did it in the northern hemisphere, because if it
the southern hemisphere, all class would be running backwards. Clocks would be going counter, clockwise correct, and then we invent
digital time keeping were where they just numbers, and I remember that came out cause, that's how old I am
wow. We don't have to think about it
time it is by looking at hands on a clog. The digits just tell you and what I found his people started, forgetting how to think of time. Geometrically. Ok. So if its role thirty huge- and it said it- you say it's twelve thirty-
What you're, twelve thirty three, wherever in the old days you sales have haswell re quartile accord,
Then have a grub quarters and halves are geometry of a circular dial right, yeah, okay, and so that's where we think fifteen minutes is a quarter of an hour. Yes, it's also that in digital time, but you're not thinking that way.
What do you think of a quarter of a pizza or a quarter of a circle? So we've lost the power to think about time. Geometrically I mean some people have retained it, but by and large not, but it also gives a false sense of precision
when I say what time is it is, I was twelve thirty three did I really care. There was twelve thirty, three really
was that what I was after I just wanted to know. I was about twelve thirty, a lot if you're trying to catch a train now, okay, fine but otherwise, ok! Otherwise, it's I'm just saying it's a up. Often when you want it when you asked
at the time. You just want to know the approximate time where one is handed to you digitally you end up reporting it digitally right and that's and it becomes unnecessary
precision in pneumonia and I have an analog, wristwatch and and of course, you
even the digital watches. Today you can put
an analog mode. Yet we can see the hand
like. I have a. I have aid digital. Why state that you
changed the face of a mean, and I have several different wise faces on here.
And most of them are analogue. But it's funny that you just say what you said about the digital precision. I dont use them because
I look down. I want to see numbers you want to see numbers. I want to see numbers, no, it turns out today everyone does have the exact time as each other right, and I I tweeted a
a few months ago, I said in the era of the smartphone right gone- is the scene in heist movies, where people gather in a circle and say what
all right, let's synchronize, synchronize watches yeah
anyone in modern times it? Why we
you do that exactly aren't they already synchronize with gps, so so that such an antiquated,
pre historic moment in a heightened movie that it's it's almost.
quaint and I say do I am that all will now days is every light all right. Let's recognise our watches and maybe like. What's a watch,
Talk to me. I've always thought already
at a time when a man phones got ceremonies. Urge you talk about
what's wrong with you found man was glad. I have won t go back into the other movie immediately, what little known fact to the union's out there that accurate risk,
Judges would lose your game a minute, a day, gray, the
accurate ones was a minute a week couple minutes a month, so you again
I won, do not match the time of other people if you're about to commit a crime
That's why you have people say what time do you have
but tat s not what time is that? What time is it? Yes, what time do you have?
at where this is the time your own little world and your own little watch be like. Oh, my bad. As for thirty, I'm late wait a minute I'll just go in the kitchen, it's only for fifteen. In there I have a friend in college who kept her clock
twenty minutes early unless it. Why do you do that? So that way, I'm never late,
don't you know that it's twenty minutes early, exact yeah, but I still as I can. I couldn't I'm too yeah analytic to embrace that, and I just let it go
I was not going to have a conversation about that, if you something
different if she had someone
randomly each morning lighted ahead. You set my closet
I won't know what time it, how long minutes or whatever agreed two minutes headed, could be ten minutes. It could be twenty minutes without right, but
You do it. You know it's like hide your own easter eggs coming in one last thing:
in the old days when they made chronometers that there was sent out to sea which,
to be able to resist the rocking of the boat and keep accurate
I'm otherwise. You don't know where you are and earth's surface by the way, if you built a very careful c c where the command and you sent it out
and it lost a minute a day. You would not take it back to the shop to fix it. You
add a formula correction for it.
And you would not mess with it so after three days, you're being slow by three minutes and you'd correct for that, and so that's how have you got a clock and took it with you, the clock,
correction formula said you'd always you will always be on and on time- and I q s that as thank god for the phone
that's how just as a nightmare or gyp planes re
so I just want to a hundred years and say all those poor suckers and back and twenty twenty three
They only had gps and they only had this, and they only had that. I think I loose sleep.
Over wondering how primitive it is. Then, what's going on with us that when people a hundred years hence will
back and be glad you're, not alive back in these backwards time or they'll. Look back!
and realized god. Those guys were actually alive that did not. They still have some sound
of civilization. Tat is true. My daddy! Does that tell us more about the before four times dad before we became
That's where I sat with before knows,
with children. There was a time when humans controlled, artificial intelligence,
Why
if you're just making stuff up dad yeah. I know it's true. We invented them, or this all the time ago, for this segment chuck
at another segment. On the other side of things, you thought you knew so Davis
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We're back the next next segment of tea, wide t. Why things you thought you knew yes
Oh you know before certain timed. Vc phone numbers in old, timey tv serves their
gave seven numbers, they didn't given area code
in this area code had to be sort of formulated and figured out by the phone company that, if you
dial on your own, that,
they needed away to direct the call to the proper location. Instead of calling the operator the operator get me
of these I in new york or in los angeles or in rights an aching dial it directly. So this is a big advance in people's ability to communicate without the help of a telephone operators or ass. He said I will go back to the dial phone. The dial found tat
berger. Ok, all right! So in the dial phone you stuck your finger in the hole and you re
tat guy out all the way to this little finger, stopper right
the finger out and then to collect all its way back,
by the way, each one of those clicks was itself an acoustic instruction to the phone to dial that number
whew. If you bought, I, which I owned at the time, something that just simply makes clicking sounds you just pick up the phone and attach it to the microphone, the bottom part of the phone, and then you can click your phone number into the phone system without actually dial, okay, but that was like a short lived because then we had touch tone
But let's go back to the dial phone, so the number one was all the way at the top right and at the shortest distance to go to get to the finger stomper.
just one, two, three four: five: six: seven, eight nine and then what came after nine, zero, zero or o o four uproar operator.
Ok, so that when you bring it around, that was like ten clicks,
hey all the way around, alright, so the phone company, but I worked for a t and t bell labs when I was in college at a summer internship there at at Murray hill. Oh, she was there
search headquarters in new jersey sell, I saw of weed out of a phone booth what I feel so much alike we friends so anyhow,
so that sensitized me to the history of bones and along lines and they and why
distance calls were so expensive because
they use that the profits from that to pay for everything else,
why making a normal phone call was not very expensive, so in the day
make a long distance phone call. You told the people you are calling on I'm making
I'm calling long distance, they would drop everything to accommodate you
because I everyone knew that there was cost in some real cash racy. I've got some money, not that's, not what they would like to say that we have to help out so that
MA builders and end up with all our money right now. That was a collective understanding here, all right so time to make area code. It's time for area code, all right. Well, they already had a set of digits that were reserved for certain tasks. So for one one
If you type for one one that was reserved for information, you don't forward one and you get a human telephone book. Basic right
What is the number of johnny jones? Whatever are mary smith in this at this address? They look it up and sometimes they'll dilate for you, or they would just told you and you'd, write it down or allow okay yet dislike forever ago. I so I'm! So that's one way you should
You would use the operator. Ok, I'm so now. Another way is six one one. So
ex one one,
be if there is something wrong with your phone and you needed repairs? Ok, so they
It will be by tomorrow to look at the phone line whatever, so that a few of these that all had a have a one, I'm in the middle okay, however, those were established after area codes were assigned.
Ok now they knew we were not gonna have a phone number begin.
With a one nor a phone number beginning with zero those rough limits? Ok, the start there. Now what city has the highest population in the united states, new york city, new york, city city, o, so the highest population city new,
work. They wanted that to be where the area code can be dial. The quickest
because the most number of people would be dialing it s right.
I don't want to burden so many people
with waiting around for the dial to finish dialing, that's right as you.
I'm with the finger tat with this mainly have can have to one one, so you gotta have to one to. One too, is the shortest time dialed area code on a dial ask location out what,
pity as the next highest population, probably less in los angeles.
what is very cold of los angeles with his lessons ruin
one of three three to the next loan
now you have those ok, ok, what's the next most populous eddie proudly chicago chicago,
what's the area code of chicago, I don't
but I'm so as to when fire, no, no, no, I go lower than that
three one? Two, three
that's right, because you can use
even the people. You said that little
You stay in revenge on that three franker hall. That's ok! With those three main cities. You get the point yeah!
of the they want to minimize the time you would spend dialing in a law
distance call.
People who are in these most populated cities. They
look out for you this. These are smart people, physicist engineers, developing the future of communication, and they
I so smart. They would like why the hell, don't we just have pushed
frankly suggests spines
It's a virus that georgia's! Why right so right so don't make any difference any difference. It makes no difference answer.
And then the population went up. Not just not only did the
population go up,
everybody now has three or four phone numbers associated with themselves. Have you have your home phone number, for I have your cell phone number
you have your work phone number. If you work and you have a desk there's only three, and so
forget your google phone. You gotta have therefore number
yeah yeah. Yet so so, once the phone numbers proliferated, then
the municipalities needed more than one area code and then then, and then wait with pushbutton orbit.
Off just didn't matter doesn't matter. You have Erika codes sound like the beginning of a phone number
western rural area code
with one in the middle. Then they could
zero in the middle when you had touched tone and that sort
sound smelled like an arrogant seven. Greece has ever no seven to over.
To have worked right? Now you got everything I arrive in three nine one. Seven you got six fourth fit right:
area code. You have your support and I fear that the general
So that's all I want to tell you what I was fun for new.
I am york,
chicago their eyes. There you go, they just
should wear out your finger tat, it made sense now, o o
So I got one for you. So what
is the area code of cape canaveral, cape canaveral
I need jeopardy music here do. Do you do me having arms? I would have no idea. Ok, they ready the area code of cape canaveral is
three to warm up everywhere. One learns rockets at cake emerald,
it is really to one and they they worked hard to get them. That there's not a chance thing. They re worked on aid, they they lobbied for the debate,
if they meant they got that who's going to say no is going to deny that rise, ackley corsets but of course not, and so there was an episode of seinfeld
When area codes were proliferating, where they created a social class around who had a two one, two,
the code and recycle took place in the air ass. It has set as anti and someone said, o the very ready to date, and this is what your phone number and it is always six force
Well, where do you live out? A battle trusted
so we created the social rift between, though,
who were like in and those words
day their new yorkers with cell phone numbers, some of which are too unto. Yet
so that those are bad, ass, long old timers that nobody wants to give up that to want to buy this, they might have had cellphones back when they were shoulder mounted right
what I mean
about the new york with so they they isolate
the two went to Erika two just manhattan right and then
You do seven one aid,
all of the outer virgin observers, so queens brooklyn
the ira, island and then
initially, sulphur,
we're all nine when seven's and then they added six four six as a new city has at least for a fifth one, three, four seven. I think it is very for seventy eight, so we have
I've area codes and the other than just a new city area, and that's just could people do a lot of time talking there you go. What that is,
yeah. So I'd say now you're in the know, for the area code yeah and it's a very it's just a slice of history when
Dial phones was a thing,
and you realize solutions to some problems are rendered
sleep by later advances in technology, but at the time they were quite clever and
I'd like you to give a shout out to people who are trying to make life better for us all as a vertical as very arose in time and space,
well mysel service might as well have a road or reverse it. It just meant a lot to me.
so trucker enjoy that we should do more of him. I think yes, the tea
ip whitey this if it is not its, but that's it
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Transcript generated on 2023-06-30.