The Sydney Opera House is one of the most iconic and distinctive buildings in the world. It took a relative newcomer and architectural outsider to dream it up, but the saga of making this world heritage landmark a reality is a tale for the ages: a cautionary tale. And for Cautionary Tales, I turn to the brilliant Tim Harford. I’ve been dying to hear the story of the Sydney Opera House told in this way, and Tim and his team just nailed it, and I know you are going to love it as much as I do. Enjoy.
This is an unofficial transcript meant for reference. Accuracy is not guaranteed.
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Well, the sydney opera house is one of the most iconic and distinctive buildings in the world. It took a relative newcomer and architectural outsider to dream it up, but the saga of making this future world heritage landmark a reality is a tale for the ages, the cautionary tale and for cautionary tales.
and the brilliant tim harvard I've been dying to hear the story of this in the upper house told in this way in terms of his team just nailed it, and I know what you're going to love it as much as I do. Candle in clearing in a forest, a day's walk north of copenhagen stood a little house. A fairy tale
setting worthy of HANS christian andersen. Perhaps but this is no fairytale and it wasn't a fairytale house. It was low.
and minimalist denmark's first open plan house. It had been built in nineteen fifty two without power
Or floor plans, the house, his young architect, was building his own home and hid insisted instead on personally directing the work has progressed, but it was brilliant. Denmark's most celebrated architect visited the construction site and muttered under his breath. How he's better than I am may be, so it was hard to be sure. The young architect
your woodson at one plenty of competitions, but with his career, interrupted by the war. That house was almost the only thing he actually built.
Late in january nineteen, fifty seven, the phone in the woods and home rang yourn and his wife were taking a winter walk in the woods. The ten year old daughter old was at home at home, babies hissing her newborn brother. She answered the foam hello. The village operator was on the other end. She knew no family. Now walking quick. I find your father a price
If someone from the newspaper in sydney, australia go tell him to come, quick lin drops the phone leaves her sleeping brother and grabs her bike. She races out into the danish winter yelling for her parents,
Must have been alarmed to see their little blonde babysitting daughter, cycling towards them screaming
top of her voice, sydney, sydney, she's, kids, to a halt.
When a prize, you won something in sydney, someone
the phone, and they want to talk to you. It must have felt like a phone
call from the moon,
unknown young, dane yawn, woodson had won and international crime
petition to design the sydney opera house, but but some couldn't have imagined what have bitter victory. It would prove to be I TIM Harvard and in your list,
in two cautionary tails.
Eugene goossens was a distinct
wished. Violinist conductor. Can the nineteen for
Is he moved from Britain to the?
far away city of sydney where he was struck by three things: the beauty of the harbour, the apparent indifference of the locals too, that beauty and the lack of a really good venue for classical music loosens dreamed up an idea build a huge opera
ben along point, a finger of rock poking out into sidney's glorious harbour in which blue water
is surrounded on all sides by the city and span
By the vast arch of the Sydney harbour bridge, loosens was charismatic and local pilot
sean's were keen to show that they could deliver cultural immunities for sidney voters. They formed a committee which announced
an open competition to design a new opera house. Anyone
in an unknown young architect from denmark could try to win as goose's grand project gathered momentum. He flew back to london to be knighted by the queen. On his return tipped off by a journalist, customs officers asked to search his luggage. They found it to be packed with naughty photographs and even naughty rubber
mosques in nineteen fifty australia. It was a scandal. Sir eugene fled back to london, a broken man.
Alas, so Eugene's fate, great talent, self inflicted wounds and a tragic hen to a great career is just the overture to the story of the sea.
in the opera house in which the same dramatic beats would play out on a much bigger stage,
That anyone should have expected the sydney opera house to be an easy project.
So Eugene had wanted big concert halls, but bennelong point was a cramped site. The premier of the state wanted.
grand legacy a building for the ages, but no politician
wanted to raise taxes to pay for it, and opera house is eventually
that ungainly structures that bulging towers for
age machinery, the usually hidden behind.
And facades, but sidney's opera house couldn't hide. It would be visible across the water from north east and
best, even from above from the monumental sidney harbour bridge in announcing.
Competition. Then the committee
down the challenge to architects from around
The world design
opera house, for us it needs to be huge, fit,
onto a tiny site
amazing from any angle and be cheap knock yourself out in January nineteen. Fifty seven the time came to choose a winner. The judging panel spent four days sifting through more than two hundred entries and drawing up a shortlist. They were waiting for the arrival of
final judge an architectural rockstar, the great finnish american architect, aero sarandon, but he was running late. That was understandable. Sarandon
busy man designer of landmark, such as the celebrated t, w h, terminal at new york's international airport and if buildings like that, help to new york to feel like the centre of the world, then sidney the world's edge wanted
That start asked when the other judges showed arrow sarandon. The ten leading entries everyone could tell that he wasn't impressed ideas were all could compromises predictably buxton by their attempts to satisfy the contradictory requirements of the competition sound and shook his head and went for a stroll to Ben along point.
sat and sketched for awhile caressed on three sides by the lapping waters of sydney harbour
really was a magnificent spot. He returned to the judging room and started flipping through the reject. There was one which stood out his
clearly different, even though it was really little more than a sketch.
There was a monumental base
reminiscent of an aspect, pyramid or chinese imperial palace floating above it were light, shall like roof structures.
overlapping like the sales of some grand ship. It was like. No
holding salmon had ever seen he laid out, stepped back to ponder it stepped forward to pay with the details. Then he turned to the other judges.
gentlemen. Here is your opera house. Twelve days later, the state premier
If K hill stands in front of the cameras with a sealed envelope, he's a former trade
union organizer, not your stereotypical opera cover, but now
the disgraced so eugene goose has fled. The country. K hill has surprised some people by stepping up, as the opera house is biggest champion, like any good politician. He's going to milk
This dramatic moment the winning design he announces is
ski number, two hundred and eighteen, and who design that.
kay held doesn't have the name to hand. An official hurried forward
rummages in the envelope, pulls out a second document. I ass a scheme number
two hundred and eighteen submitted by your own oxen of Hell, a big denmark, your son, who
A reporter from the sydney morning herald
This is a long distance call to directory assistance in hell a bake. They try buttons office number he's not there,
Then they try his home number. The operator comes back on the line. Apparently he's gone out for a walk.
but his daughter has gone to find him. Is it ok to hold for the first interview
with the unknown winner of the sydney, opera house, competition, sure he'll hold
All of australia wants to know and have the mysterious yawn. What's when the winning sketch was published public opinion,
invited letters published in the sydney morning herald described the designers, a wonderful piece of sculpture, a haystack.
covered by several tarpaulins, a ray of hope, a sink with plates
fact in readiness for washing
some large lovely ship of the imagination, a hideous parachute which we cannot fold up and put away.
But when you are not soon arrived in sipping, some of those doubts began to melt away tool, blonde
wide that sexy danish accent, movie star looks he's our gary cooper
clad one local lady sidney was a bustling place, but usually felt far from the world spotlight. Now it felt ass, though hollywood had come to call. The city fell in love with a man professional
tat, swim, more cautious, sketches were impressive, sure, but listen hadn't submitted
all the plans and drawings the competition rules specified one
Australian art critic described his entry. Is
thing more than a magnificent dude. What's more, but since doodle building overstepped the sites boundaries, then I was
The question of whether its glorious sale, like roof structures could actually stand up.
This worried aero sarandon, the rock star architect, who pushed his fellow judges into choosing but entry, nothing to it said sarandon about those roof structure.
three inches thick at the top and say twelve inches thick at the base, but concrete shell architect
the was still an emerging field, many experts, weren't so sure yes, eggshell structures,
could be surprisingly strong, but cut the egg in half and much of that strength has gone and watson's
perhaps roof. It was a series of quota shells until this point, but son had take
and no engineering advice, and he wouldn't have
to figure out a solution because the project's champion state premier.
Joseph K, hill was a man
hurry was a heavy smoker with a history of health problems. He knew
He was also at risk of losing the next election he,
wanted a monument to his place in history, so he instructed the opera house team
go down to belong point. I might such progress, but no one who succeeds may can stop this going through to completion. As a result, the building started before puts him could figure out the structural basics
Joseph K hill laid the foundation stone on the second of march nineteen, fifty nine within a year. He was dead, killed by his third heart attack, but just
had intended. So much work has already been done, that stopping the project was unthinkable,
now an engineer had been found. His name was over
Anglo danish boss of over our european partners are respected engineering firm, the two danes certain arab, had been working together to try to figure out a solution to the structural problem, and it was at this point that arab informed watson
the bad news, his beautiful free standing, roof shells, simply couldn t bill.
This
No such thing as too many danes so lets me to third bent: flew bia
he's the world's leading expert on large projects and on
by these mega projects, so often delivered late and way over budget and he's fascinated by the sydney opera house, because it's the ultimate case study the definitive fiasco of how not to run a mega project
Rubia says that the original sin of many mega projects is this people start building before they figured out what they really trying to do. The ideal mega project star,
with a question. Why are we doing this?
there's, a long, careful planning process every day,
Alice finalized. Then the expensive construction phase can be kept as short as possible, with no costly changes. The opera house violated these principles in the most flagrant way imaginable. Nobody ever really
said. The question why so eugene goose's had wanted to accommodate a lot of our progress and use the beautiful location of Ben long point? The states premier Joseph K hill,
but wanted a lasting monument on the cheap. Without spending taxpayers. Money. Yourn Woodson wanted to build something beautiful and new, but what, if you couldn't make it both beautiful and cheap,
What, if you couldn't make it big, while also squeezing it homes, have been long point? The trade offs was swept under the carpet the difficult decisions postponed or ignored. Then, of course,
building was rushed with workers digging foundations before woodson. An arab had figured out how to build the thing, but some was in an impossible position.
And its wasn't blameless either. Remember
he'd never drawn proper plans for his beautiful home
in the danish forest, but instead had been onsite throughout
personally directing the builders careful planning
is all very well, but he loved to experiment to
you his way through a project. It worked for his beautiful home, but could it also work for a colossal structurally innovative mega project? Watson worked like an artist not
Project manager, he wanted to make the final decision on every detail, no matter how small at one point he declared about it.
claire design change? I don't care what it costs. I don't care what scandalous causes. I don't care how long it takes that's what I want that attitude explains why boots and opera house is the most beautiful building in the world. It also made him the mother of all bottlenecks, especially as oates, and had a habit of disappearing.
for weeks at a time after his second visit to sydney, watson decided to return to denmark via china, japan and nepal,
when he finally resurfaced. Otto
Jovially wrote, it was nice
hear from you. I really
You were lost in the wilds of asia. Let's had hoped
pick up inspiration on his travels that he could use for the opera house and he did but decisions on the project ground to a halt without him and the problem of the roof was no joke. Watson's original magnificent doodle used a variety of different curves that caused to headaches. The first was the expense.
Every section of the roof, a unique construction. The second was more serious arab had to spend a fortune.
on groundbreaking computer simulations to figure out where they would collapse under the weight. Eventually arab concluded that they would. It was woodson who solved the problem in a flash of inspiration
He realized that each part of each vaulted, roof, large or small, could be proportioned as though it were sliced out of the same.
single enormous sphere doesn't sound like much, but the structural properties of these spherical curves were well understood and because the curves would all be identical, they could be built at much lower cost, but soon
delighted. It was the cheapest way of making it. You could dream of all the work done.
These three years has been the background for arriving at this magnificent solution. If they haven't yet started construction, this would have been a triumphant moment. Unfortunately, construction had begun to
the half years earlier. The new design would require heavier supports than the ones that just built and the ones that just built were almost indestructible for local contracts are recommended, dynamiting them one by one.
the rush hour, so that the noise would be camouflaged by the traffic that worked for a while until a lump of concrete was blue,
high over the harbour and landed on a passing,
eric another opera house. Bungle yelled, the local newspapers.
What's in had decided to move his office to sydney to oversee proceedings, that was a good idea thought out of steam until but since held them, he'd be travelling again and out of contact between christmas and march,
up begged him. Not to do this. There were so many decisions to be made. The sun was the only person who could make them, but
an agreed only to a long meeting near london heathrow airport the day after christmas.
To pin down a long list of details, woodson was persuaded.
To hurry the very last mile of his journey while flying from tahiti to sydney.
easy seven airliners, radio crackled into life, with an invitation, her majesty the
queen was on the royal yacht in sydney harbour and MR watson was invited to lunch after touchdown. He dashed to the royal reception
arabs man on the ground wasn't impressed
Lo and behold, god appears from Heaven
had descended from to heating popped in for lunch with the queen and then grumbled the arab engineer,
in the afternoon. He comes onto the site and starts complaining about some things. He wasn't informed about. I mean
was no one. We could contact for months later July. Nineteen sixty three, the opera house was scheduled to have been finished yet the site on Ben long point was still just a huge flats,
rule of concrete. The basic outline of the broad low podium was visible with the structure of the two sunken theatres scooped out of it
there is no sign of walls, let alone the roof in his history of the project, the saga of sydney, opera, house, architectural running
Peter mary combs to the letters between over out and your notes and fines to men whose relationship is slowly falling apart, woodson worried that out was trying to take control and steal a credit. Arab was
the exits he's out up. I do not know whether you have thought of getting other engineers to help you. I would welcome the idea of
someone else solving the problems and expense
senor method of working boots and responded dear over. Please desist from your credit
Ism management is in a way the easiest part of the job, something which most people can learn. Well, perhaps nobody doubted boots and genius is an architect, but as deadline after deadline was being broken, this was no time to be taking management for granted.
The mega project experts, then flew beer, argues that the longer the construction phase of a project lasts them
What time there is something to de rail everything he's right in may, nineteen sixty five two years after the opera house was supposed to have been finished. There was a state election
in new south wales. The backdrop for this election was an expensive and manifestly unfinished building the roof.
Else had at last been built sore.
above the podium and the waters of the harbour, but they were bare concrete. The epic job of tiling them had hardly begun. The site was open to the elements
The spectacular glass curtain wall facing out over the harbour was still just a structural problem on boots and drawing board, and so the populist up.
Listen party campaigned on a promise to clean up the mess at the opera house. Although the project was funded mostly by proceeds from the state lottery rather than taxes, it was
hugely over budget and conservative rural voters had started to
the why, that lottery money couldn't be spent on something else, such as more roads, schools and hospitals
when the opposition won. The job of minister for public works went to a politician. Named Davis hughes Hughes was controversial. Choice
and not only because had recently become the tories falsely claiming to have a bachelor degree in job applications when he was put in charge of this vast construction project.
His wife laughingly, remarked that he couldn't driver
alien straight in the first six months of his tenure hughes, struggled to get a grip to his frustration
spending on the opera house ballooned more than ever by the state.
of nineteen sixty six
Nine years after woodson had become famous around the world for winning
The design competition hughes was ready for a showdown. He began
withholding payments to the sun
demanding more oversight and more control. Without the money watson couldn't pay. His staff,
he was already in financial trouble, because both denmark and Australia were arguing that he should be paying his taxes to them was
avis hughes deliberately undermining hudson,
Imposing some much needed discipline
Whatever the aim. The result was predictable. Hoover arab could see what was coming
he wrote to oates and urging him not to resign, telling him that resigning would solve nothing but arabs letter did
arrive in time to warn woodson to be careful what he said after a tense meeting with hues.
watson sent a letter explaining that by cutting off the money, you have forced me to leave the job
Watson later said that he was just pausing work for lack of funds and that quick
was never his intention, but Davis hughes didn't see any ambiguity heap
clay announced to the state assembly that your woodson had resigned.
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China was announced. On the first of march, nineteen sixty six, almost exactly seven years after construction had begun. Despite all the projects troubles, it was a bombshell. By now, the curve chelles were
almost fully tile. The shimmering effect look spectacular, protesters gathered at the half finished structure
Ben along point waving signs save the opera house
We need watson, the royal
australia, australian institute of architects, told Davis hughes get him back
No prominent architect would touch the opera house project after watson's acrimonious departure. It was a matter of professional solidarity. The engineer over europe did not.
resign boots and saw this as a betrayal. He stopped returning arab schools,
hand wrote an emotional letter to put urging him to come back and offering to broker a compromise with Davis hues,
couldn't over an yawn at least meet for a chat he signed off. Even if you don't trust me, it couldn't do any harm. Could it
the situation cannot get any worse. So why not try woodson replied the same day. If you think I should be in charge of the project then act accordingly, he wrote it tell the minister that good son must be in charge boots.
Return to denmark still thinking about all the remaining challenges on the project, such as how to fit more seats into the hall? He expected that Davis hughes would come crawling back
in part because he couldn't imagine anyone else being capable of finishing the job I am still available. It is not I but the sydney up.
house that creates all of the enormous difficulties, but Davis hughes wasn't the type to back down. If no prominent architect would take the job it just have to get one
Nobody had heard of he called in a young local government, architect named Peter hole and handed him. The task of finishing the opera house all did
taking seven more years and three time.
as much money, as has already been spent, the opera house cost fifteen times the original budget. Admittedly, the original budget was always a fiction and it was completed a decade behind schedule, your notes and wasn't the type to back down either years late,
over over arab, asked a mutual friend to try to arrange a reconciliation. Maybe he and woodson could meet and talk things over. They drove to woodson hometown
an arab sat in a hotel lobby. Nursing a coffee and waiting the friend returned puts in didn't want to see out. There would be no reconciliation. The opera house was officially opened by queen Elizabeth, the second on the twentieth of october nineteen. Seventy three yourn woodson declined his ambition.
and to attend, which was perhaps just as well. The queen speech, written by local politicians didn't mention.
Since name the plaque she unveiled celebrated.
young, Peter hole and Davis hughes in his book. How big things get done bent flew beer describes what happened when star architect, frank gehry was asked to come
bill bow to work on a building. Unlike the young, unknown woodson Gary was
sixty two years old battle,
hardened by some painful political fights over his buildings and famous Bilbao was officials showed him a beautiful old warehouse and they asked him if
would consider renovating it to become a new guggenheim museum. Why asked gary? What are you trying to achieve in sydney? Nobody really form
later those questions, let alone answered them, but in Bilbao
knew what they wanted. They wanted.
Yet by design what sidney had got by accident an icon
Bilbao was the detroit of southern europe, a once great city ravaged by de industrialization.
The local government wanted the new museum to spark and urban renaissance to put bill.
Now on the map. Just as sydney opera house had put sydney on the map. Fine said Gary. In that case, forget the renovation project you're going to have to do what sydney did and build something
Breathtaking a new gonna have to put it on the water front and in fact added Gary I've seen just the spot.
When Gary's guggenheim Bilbao was finally opened. It was a huge success on time and under budget
a few years. Data on mega projects. That sort of thing doesn't happen a lot, but the fact that it happened at all is because gear we started with a clearly agreed plan and nobody rushed to stop digging
these days. Everybody seems to want one of those iconic buildings
in gear. He made it look easy after all, but the sydney opera house was the first and the greatest and the most painful. In spite of everything, the opera house is a masterpiece
I've been lucky enough to see it to stroll around the Sydney harbour, admiring all the angles to walk up the grand steps of the podium on Ben long point: I've even performed on the stage its breathtaking, all of it. No camera can do it justice in the entire twenty
century. Only the empire state building comes close to serving as an icon of a city the sick
your browser is like the eiffel tower or the pyramids its repaid its,
to the citizens of the city. Men,
times over. So you might think who cares that it was late? Who cares what it cost?
It was all worth it in the end, but bent flew. Bia disagrees. The process of building the opera house was a fiasco.
and that fiasco had a cost that you can't measure in delays or in dollars. The cost starts with your woodson's reputation. Woodson was told that because had resigned, he'd, never get a government project in den
he taught for a while in hawaii and unknown
Sleep design some buildings for a friend's architecture practice he did when it
mission to design something big and kuwait. But
Saddam Hussein's army set fire to that in nineteen. Ninety one in a company
egg suburb. He built a humble church. It
unprepossessing on the outside, but only in
Does a gorgeous ceiling that looks like folds of cloth parting to reveal the light of Heaven
Currently, it had something similar in mind for the interior of the opera house, but nobody
did you give him another chance to display his genius on the stage it deserved the price of the sydney opera house?
It was all those other buildings that yawn woodson,
never allowed to design, eventually the architecture profession. What
up and began showering prizes on him. Often acknowledging, regretfully, that woodson hadn't built much besides the opera house, but it was too late.
change that when he won architectures nobel prize the pritzker, he was eighty five years old
the opera house itself had started to become embarrassed by the controversy that graceless plaque that didn't even mention sins name.
in the nineteen nineteen, they attempted a reproach.
naming a room in his owner,
asking him to help design a new wing. Still he didn't come,
He sent his son to give a speech explaining that his elderly father lives and breeze the opera house and as its creator, he just has to close his eyes to see it.
One person who sneered at the peacemaking with Davis Hughes, an old man like what's in himself, he found the chairman of the opera house management, team and ranted for forty five minutes about the very idea of asking us in his opinion, on anything
I did a son a five hour. He said I put him out of his misery. Like you put down a dog late in since life, a british architect named John party, went to visit him in may orca. Where had spent most of his later years. It was a kind of pilgrimage to meet one of the true grates of architecture.
but had designed the home, of course, and party described its plans.
Free hush that seem to transport me to another world. They talked about this and that the old man expressed the occasional pain at the opera house affair.
but this was all a long time ago he said button had never been back to sidney
He designed the most beautiful building of the twentieth century and had never seen it sensing that boots and had left some part of his heart in sydney party offered to help the old man travel back. But since wife pulled party aside wasn't possible, she said he would kill him. Did she mean the arduous journey? What did you mean the memories
important sources for this episode, whether house by Helen pit and the saga of sydney opera house like Peter Murray, if you interested
Ben, flew beer and mega projects. I have a three part series on the v to rocket programme.
It's available to subscribers on Pushkin plus for food,
divorces. Please see the show notes at tim offered, dot com portion, weed
Miles is written by me him half with Andrey right, it's produced by alice fines with support from
If we slow, the sound design and reduce music is the work of pascal wise sarah nix edited the scripts cautionary tales features the voice talents Rufus right, Melanie, gush, rich and crow, stella half it in german saunders. The show wouldn't have been possible without
The work of Jacob Weisberg ryan deli gretta cone leto, I'm johnny stars,
call him a glory and Eric Santa
push. Retails has a production of pushkin industries, it was recorded in law,
no studios in london. I tom very if you like, the show please remember, to share rate and review, can one you know it helps us and if you want to hear the show ad free sign up for Pushkin, plus on the show page in ample pot costs or at pushkin dot, fm slash.
it's the I mean, if you haven't already subscribed to cautionary tales after hearing that story, there's nothing I can do for you. I can't help you need to have your head examined:
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without we'll drive and more than enough options to future driving style. Nissan can take you where you wanna, go, learn more at least
and you as a bad com.
Transcript generated on 2023-09-21.