This summer, unrelenting heat waves have taken a devastating toll in many parts of the world, putting this year on track to be the hottest ever recorded.
Coral Davenport, who covers energy and environmental policy for The Times, and Dana Smith, a reporter for the Well section, discuss what it means to live in this new normal, an era in which extreme heat threatens our way of life.
Guest: Coral Davenport, an energy and environmental policy correspondent for The New York Times.
Dana G. Smith, a reporter for the Well section of The New York Times.
Background reading:
- Heat is costing the U.S. economy billions in lost productivity.
- Here’s what extreme heat does to your body.
For more information on today’s episode, visit nytimes.com/thedaily. Transcripts of each episode will be made available by the next workday.
This is an unofficial transcript meant for reference. Accuracy is not guaranteed.
What does Malcolm Gladwell think about staying in the same profession, your whole career? There is a very large and underestimated risk in not changing your career trajectory. That was his advice on my podcast, the next chapter by american express business class. I am cardiff, garcia and this season I sit down with best selling authors, including james, clear julie, Zhu David Epstein, to discuss business lessons from their books what they would write for their next chapter, listen to the next chapter by american express business class. Wherever you get your podcasts.
from the new york times. I'm sabrina, tavern, you seen the summer and unrelenting heat wave, has taken a devastating toll and is put this year on track to be the hottest ever recorded today. My colleagues, coral davenport emptiness smith on what it means to live in this new normal, where extreme heat now threatens our way of life and even our very lives. The it's thursday august, tenth.
you're welcome back to the show. I
I'm so happy to be back with you guys so called
you cover climate change in climate policy. For the times, and of course, this summer there's been this intense heat wave going on for weeks and weeks, soaring
your visits, even some deaths,
you set out to understand something quite different about the extreme heat, its economic cost. It tell me about it.
So yeah, I'm kind of obsessed with being able to put a price tag.
I and the cost of key
a change to the economy, to people's pocketbooks. What is the effect of heat
on how much work gets done.
In the united states on worker productivity, I
how much work is lost on how much pay is lost in a sort of
like I'm a climate, economic, detective and coral. Why were you obsessed by this question? Well, you know, I think that,
a lot of people when they hear about climate change, its justice giant
the essential threats- and it's sort of her
to wrap your head around in a sort of hard to wrap your head or on what to do about it, but when it six spleen
in terms of something that absolutely everyone understand which is dollars. Incense and any specific cost
You are an employer in you understand that extreme
he caused by climate change is actually costing you
her hours or increasing the amount of workers comp that you have to pay or if you are a worker
an you understand that its low,
in your peril or that you just can't do your job as well,
so many ways. I think this makes it very tangible
in specific anything, you can put a price tag on
think, americans understand. More clearly.
Ok, see. You went out to do this economic detective work with with the effects of climate change. What did you find so far
sabrina I'm going to tell you what I thought I would find, okay, which is something that I think a lot of you know. Readers of the times and listeners to the daily would expect, which is like, of course, when it's hot people work less, but the workers who are affected are outdoor workers. I mean that's all,
a straight white, male men, construction, workers, farm workers. Right, yes- and you know- medical researchers have known for years that when people are workers are exposed to heat, they make more mistakes. They think less clearly they
more slowly. They have more injuries. So I really thought this was going to be a story focused on
nor workers, and that we may regional pitch showing
Construction workers are working lesson there having more job injuries and what I found
is that there is a lot of new egon
big data showing that he does hurt out
workers its lowering our worker productivity, but the bigger effect
on the economy in the united states is actually on indoor workers ha. It is affecting
so much more of the inner economy than we really understood and coral. Why
is that it's kind of surprising right. You really do think of foreign workers, a construction workers. In my mind, people inside really wouldn't be affected as much. So why is the bigger impact with indoor workers
so a couple of reasons. One simple one is that in the united states there are far
far far more indoor workers, so
and if not as many of them, are being as affected by heat. The? U s
fundamentally in agricultural economy right. We are much more in indoor, we are in industrial economy, so that makes sense, but the number two is theirs
so many more indoor workers are exposed to extreme? He, particularly now
as we are having more extreme heat than I understood. One big exam,
that was very surprising to me. Many many many factories and the united states are not air conditioner, interesting and there's. A couple of
since, for that a lot of factories,
belle thirty, forty years ago, at a time
the climate was different. You know when, in areas like ohio or michigan, or you know, parts of the country where you wouldn't
I need air conditioning in a factory,
you know, maybe workers would have to guide it out for like a week each summer, when you know you'd have away
of hot temperatures, but it wouldn't be typical have days and
days or weeks and weeks or ito. Many many days with temperatures over
five or ninety degrees. Now that that is happening inside of those factories. Workers are consistently exe
rinsing days where there
actually working in conditions over ninety and a hundred degrees, and I'm talking about michigan, ohio, Oklahoma, kansas. You know parts of the country where work.
going to work their working indoors and there really really hot wow interesting
call. I want to talk about the workplaces in what the action
fact- has been on workers, but before we get to that
you tell me what the total effect is to the economy like in actual dollars like what are we looking at here sure so there
studies on this. One study shows that right,
now in the united states as a direct result of heat, the? U s is
losing about two and a half billion hours of work per year,
well. That translates as study found into about a hunter,
billion dollars of economic loss per year and projects.
Would go up to about five hundred billion dollars a year by
the middle of the century. There's you know a pretty clear price tag, and I should say that
Economists who work on these numbers, its knew to be putting these precise and they say if anything these are
probably under counts, under estimates of what this price tag of losses, two hundred billion going
Five hundred billion dollars in loss- that's pretty dramatic. I mean that is a chunk of change, even in context of federal budgets and a big ticket items like that. So
Let's dig into this: what's causing this economic hit associated with extreme eat like
it's that number made up of short suggests.
sort of really like dollar,
sounds employer corporate about it. Those
Our losses are about, specifically the loss of worker productivity. That means that
humans, dont function well in heat,
when they are hot. They were
more slowly. They make more mistakes, they need to take more breaks and
something that is new now is that research,
fears have been able to quantify how much less they
work when they are exposed to certain amounts of heat. So there's a new study that shows when work
We are working in ninety degree, heed their pro,
Tv drops twenty five percent twenty five percent and when they are exposed to heed of over a hundred degrees, their power
activity, drop, seventy percent wow
you're only really working at like thirty percent capacity when its hundred degrees, yes exactly
I mean it's kind of amazing that there actually able to put a price tag on it. What
are some examples of
we mean when we talk about productivity, going down like from the lives of workers,
sure. So I talked to a lot of workers for the story. People who work in
different kinds of indoor and outdoor environments, and it's pretty simple. You know the workers who
who are getting hot they're getting exhausted or sick. So
they need more breaks. They need more time off in some
he says when the heat is too much.
The work just doesn't get done at all. It gets postponed when they get
dizzy or can't think clearly there more accidents there more mistakes
and so there is less work, getting done less hours being completed morbid
smart, more time off and more mistakes, and I talked to
factory managers. I talked to people who work in warehouses who say in some cases we just need to let people leave work early or
you know we can tell if people have heat exhaustion, that they should not come
to work for a day or two. All of that is what
sponsible employers should be doing it also
Instead, less work gets done bright like we're not
to work in that kind of heat right exactly and
is to minimise the effects?
beyond productivity,
go beyond lost working hours. I talked to
workers in a meat packing plant in
Kansas, who
about how this is a part of the country that expired,
thing so much more heat than usual. The workers inside
plan are getting exposed to so much more heat and they describe gobbles flagging up not being able.
To see clearly and win that
insistently happens. A lot of these workers said you know, there's a huge risk for food contamination for meat contamination when we're so hot, and we can even see
to do our job here in one of the workers specifically described we're working with carcasses and manure
flung manure came again in the meat. If you can't see
You're doing in your so hot. You can't think straight something
else. I heard from a lot of factories. Alot of plants is much higher turnover.
much higher percentages of people leaving and fewer people wanting
take the jobs where they would be exposed to heat interesting. So
when the cost in terms of productivity, which I assume
companies understand in a kind of trying to think about,
to mention, of course, basic human decency having a sea when it's a hundred degrees
Why have employers Ben allowing their facilities to get so hot?
No again one of the sort of big eye opening moments for me and reporting. The story was specifically discovering how many factories and
Sort of indoor industrial facilities in the united states are not air conditioned again in part, because
many of them, are decades old, built in places.
and at times where we did not consistently experience so much extreme. He so it wasn't nessus
and then now it is
wildly expensive too,
install cooling units in gigantic industrial facilities. I'm talking hundreds of millions of dollars and so for the story. We did talk to a school
ass manufacturing plant in tulsa and this the place that makes most of the year
school buses. We see you ask where the workers,
consistently working at over ninety degrees and decide
to go ahead and install a hundred million dollar cooling system. But that's
that's a really hard chapter eight, I think
for a lot of companies, especially if you're not sort of a gigantic national company rightly
you're a tiny moment,
business, the expense might just be too much to bear exactly, and so I think
This is genuinely a set of costs that employers have to look at our looking
across the country. There saying you know on one side we're losing worker.
activity were losing.
Worker hours,
paying more workers, cobb we're having too
clothes on super high days. All of that is like a really clear laws.
One side of ledger on the other side is well. You know
do I invest?
a hundred million dollars on indoor cooling or do I just
the head in productivity, but can employers just do that like ignore what he is doing to their work?
worse, like aren't there rules about that in most
the country, there are no rules about that again soon.
Getting to the point that this is really a new experience for workers for employees
For the economy, this level of exposure to heat so right now no ocean
which is the federal agency that regulates workplace safety and has many many rules in place.
For a time limits on work and for safety and for exposure to all kinds of hazardous conditions, ocean
now, there's no federal regulation that protects workers
from exposure to heed or compels employers to protect their workers
made exposure? There are seven states currently that have signed
kind of state level regulation
but nothing in place at the national level right or
Where is trying to make some
given our new heat reality. Yes,
the Biden administration has directed OSHA
to begin the process of crafting new federal regulations on heat and worker exposure
this is very new. This process. It could
as long as ten years? This is a
their thing. I was surprised to learn when I did. This reporting is just how long
it can actually take to write
national workplace safety regulations, the
station is in a wide osha is working on, is expected to set some kind of,
standards in a workers who are
working over a certain temperature or exposed certain temperatures for a certain amount of time must be given breaks
must be given water, indoor workplaces,
Workers are exposed to heed, may need to install air conditioning that sort of the expected standard that were likely to see from this, but that could be
years away in
in time. There are a lot of business groups that are coming out and say:
Hey. We don't want to see this. This could be too expensive. We can figure this out ourselves. This is burdensome government regulation right, but
given our new heat reality.
Do we something has to change well,
I mean it's changing already rate workers are already suffering we're already taking the economic head. Someone who I interviewed and reporting this story was a former senior official at OSHA who said this is going to cost a lot, no matter what either employers are going to have to incorporate these new cos. You know installing cooling, giving a lot more breaks, all the other costs that they will have to pay to protect their workers in the new world of heat, and it's going to cost them a lot, and if they don't pay it, then we're going to see workers die. Coral. Thank you. It was great to be with you sabrina, after the break what extreme heat actually does to the body we write back.
Hi, I'm megan laura the director of photography at the new york times. A photograph can do a lot of different things. It can connect us. It can bring us to places we ve never been before it can capture a story, any universal visual language, but one thing that all these photographs have in common is that you know they don't just come out of the ether. We spend a lot of time, anticipating news stories working with the best photographers across the globe. These are photographers who have spent years mastering their technical craft developing their skills as visual chroniclers of our world. You know getting certified as a scuba, diver and learning how to shoot underwater or to document climate change or tremendous cardiovascular training in order to ski on the slopes next to the limping athletes. This is an effort that takes tons of time and consideration and resources. All of this is possible only because of new york times subscribers, if you're not a subscriber. Yet you can become one at and why times, dot com slash subscribe.
There is no end in sight to a dangerous heatwave around a hundred million americans under excessive heat alerts this morning to know Paso texas temperatures have hit a hundred for forty three straight days, while phoenix arizona has seen a scorching, a hundred and ten degrees. For nearly thirty days in a row, he may have led to the death of a local man and death valley. The seventy one year old, from los angeles, collapsed outside a restroom yesterday, when the temperature was a hundred and twenty one degrees, and we ve learned the letter, terrier dog tuesday, will walk. It is wrong to Dallas texas inmates are dying in sweltering prisons. At least nine inmates have died since the relentless heat wave has gripped taxes as July. Eleven twelve people have died due to heat with fifty five additional new numbers released by maricopa county reveal so far this year, twenty five people have died from our relentless he town tracking thirty nine hate related death this summer, with more than three hundred cases, still waiting on confirmation that medical examiner is telling errors on his family. We are on track to have a record summer for deadly heat.
Dana welcome to the show, thanks for having me so data. We judge
heard from our colleague coral davenport, about the economic effects of heat
course that has everything to do with how heat affects people and their bodies, and I
Everybody has a kind of basic understanding that he can be bad, but I dont think people really understand how, like the science of it
like what actually happens to our bodies in extreme heat. So tell me about that yeah
a lot of people think of heat as an annoyance. I grew up in north carolina where it is famously hot and human in the summers and it's kind of a pain, but you don't think that its deadly, but I
what is there a real surprise? Her people is that heat is actually the number one cause of death when it comes
extreme weather events. So it really is a very serious thing that we have to account.
especially now with a warming planet, the number one
cause of weather, related deaths like more than hurricanes or floods. Yes, that's right.
It is the number one cause of death
it's to weather related events. Is heat
amazing. So, let's on packet, what actually
happens to people's bodies when their exposed to extreme heat so
body has two main ways to call itself down. I think the
this one we are all familiar with, which is sweat so
are sweat, lands on our skin start to produce sweats, and
the goal. Is that that sweat, evaporates off the body
and when it does, it calls the area underneath. Ok, that's you re pretty known. So, what's the other one, so the really cool part is the second asked.
of the bodies cooling mechanism, which is that it starts to increase blood flow, so when it does that the body is pushing more blood that normally circulates around your internal organs and now
its redirecting that blood out to the surface of the skin and that helps partly because
the body can actually dissipate heat out through the skin, so it just releases heat into the atmosphere, but the really crazy
is that when the sweat evaporates off your skin and cools the area underneath, it's actually also cool.
that blood that is now closer to the surface and
cooler. Blood can recirculated back to your internal organs and call them down god it. Okay, so organs get hot blood takes,
keep away from those organs to the surface of your skin? It has contact with
air which is cooler and calls you down exam.
so. There's a really cool can a two step process with that's. Why
evaporation than calling the blood underneath the skin and then hope
cooling down the internal organs as recirculated back through the body got ok,
enter extreme heat
so what happens when it gets hotter outside, so these two press
These work really well and most conditions, but they do start to fail when it gets too hot or to human
so you have to think of your body and the environment kind of ana gradient in terms of temperature and moisture.
So when your skin temperature, which is normally about ninety five degrees, fahrenheit, is hotter than the air outside your skin.
Actually release heeds out into the environment.
But when the air temperature is hotter than your skin, your skin starts to gain heat from the environment, and you can no longer cool down that way through the increase. Blood flow, ok,
the same happens with humidity, is its
who human outside. If there's too much moisture in the air, the water on your skin, the sweat on your skin can't evaporate, and so it just sits there or pulls off so again
that cooling mechanism as lost got it
all about this gradient. Basically, all of these processes in your body are interacting with the atmosphere around your body. What's going on in the air and
Two humid can't sweat if it's too hot your bodies gonna,
again heat, as opposed to give it off. So that's a problem for the body exactly
what exactly happened like inside your body when it gets too hot and humid right? So because
that increase circulation, the heart is really the most important oregon when it comes to cooling down your body, so the
is having to pump harder and faster. So your heart rate increases because it's trying to push blood further out so out of the very surface of your skin,
so it's working a lot harder right. At the same time, blood pressure can start to drop because there is
really an increased amount of blood volume, you're just pushing
same amount of blood to a wider surface area so
it is working harder, but your blood pressure is dropping because
Blood is trying to get all over the body instead of just in one area,
around the organs. Therefore, the pressure is weak.
Weaker the further out. It gets that's exactly right, yes and a drop
Blood pressure is actually one of the most common causes of injury, because someone might stand up what they been set,
and they don't have enough blood going up to their head and then they can feel dizzy or faint. So these
often really early signs that someone is really struggling from the heat is low,
blood pressure, dizziness and potentially even fainting august. Your bodies were
in extra hard to increase your circulation and mrs taxing your heart. Exactly
an older people or people who have a pre existing condition, especially one related to the heart. This can
she turned fatal. This is how he can kill them in the end, is by really taxing their heart, but in young healthy people
isn't as much of a problem. The heart is pretty resilient. The body is pretty resilient and eventually
the increase in court,
picture will plateau. But if the
but you are really extreme a hundred degrees and more if someone
working out or working in the heat. Then problems can start to arise here. You can still continue to heat up so
he'd exertion are heat. Stress is one of the first really serious p.
Was that can arise and scientists think that's generally, when the internal temperature of the body reaches
a hundred two hundred and three degrees and what exactly is
he'd, exhaustion, Dana I'm here at all.
in feeling myself. I have experienced it, but what's going on scientifically in the body yeah, so it's a real general sense of
teague also, your muscles might start not to function very well, and scientists think that
actually a protective signal from the brain, so your brain is actually telling your body to stop working to sit down to get
more shaded and cool so that it can try to call itself off
So it makes you tired so that you do that exactly that
is a really protective mechanism to try to prevent the next stage in the process, which is heat stroke which can be deadly
Please tell me about he struck. What is that
So knowing a body is really good at trying to
then your body from heating up too fast by it.
Mechanism start to fail. So
say that you're in really extreme conditions, maybe you're a worker and you have on heavy work equipment so that your sweat can't evaporate out into the environment or, if you're, working hard or exercising and you're generating internal heat as well as gaining it from the outside, then you're internal temperature. Can
continue to rise, even power.
the point of heat exertion and that's when things get really dangerous
and what happens then so. Sign
think about a hundred and four degrees is generally the cut off for heat stroke, and at that point you can start
have multi organ failure.
Ok, multi, organ failure so, which organs are we talking about so the organ
that are most immediately and dangerously affected are the heart which we ve talked about a little bed and then also the kidney
is the guide and the brain. Ok, so
or kidneys god, braids would start with a heart. So I talk about this a little bit, but the heart.
is pumping harder and harder and harder. So your heart is increasing. Your blood pressure is dropping and what happened?
when your blood pressure drops is that blood can't circulate chew everywhere, that it needs to go, and so your or
and slowly start to become deprived of oxygen, and that includes your heart.
So it can even look like a heart attack. Were your heart was actually starved of oxygen because it just wasn't able to pump enough blood to organs, including to itself he okay. So that's the hard. What about the kidneys?
The kid this is really interesting, because the brain actually sends a signal to the body that it should stop sending as much blood to the kidneys as it starts to get dehydrated. So a quick refresh
You know your kidneys are what are cleaning your blood and then the waste gets excreted as urine. But that means
You're gonna be losing a little bit of liquid, so if
dehydrated. Your body wants to preserve as much liquid as it possibly can, and so blood stops being pushed as much to the kid
he's so that you don't lose any as urine. But as a result, your kidneys are then also star
of oxygen and those cells can start to suffer and die interest
They got it so bodies just trying to preserve liquid anyway
can. But the effect of that is that oxygen stops flowing to the kidneys exactly an
kidneys can survive for a little bit of time with reduced blood flow and reduce oxygen. But if that gets prolonged, you can start to have kidney failure.
I'll get. You said also Dana the got so how's my gut affected, the guy
another area? Thy blood is diverted from pretty quickly and ask
brazil also has less oxygen going there.
When that happens, the got can start said fail.
Down a little bit, and you can start to have what we know as leaky god. So the bacteria that's
got can actually start to travel out into the bloodstream, causing
inflammation and in a really extreme and long term situations sepsis sepsis from sea
that's kind of crazy, exactly
one of the emergency room physicians. I spoke with said that sepsis is not a common cause of death when it comes to heat normally, because your other organs fail faster frankly, but it is something that can occur
I'll get to your heart is working overtime, kidneys,
Getting enough oxygen got is leaking so full on
multi organ failure is you're, saying yes,
and not only the heart, the kidneys and the guy, but also your brain
and when the brain is affected. Things are getting really bad. So
its troke by definition, means that the brain is being affected here. You think stroke you think brain and so
reduce blood flow, the lack of oxygen, the increase
but you're are affecting your brain just like every other organ. So what is really
I'm kind of perverse about keystroke is that the bodies internal thermometer is
kate, it in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, and if thou
starts dysfunction or malfunction. Then
body, can actually stop calling itself down so often,
I was when people have really extreme heat stroke, they stopped flooding,
their skin might feel cool and clammy? You know they are no longer trying to call their body down, even though their internal temperature is continuing to rise, so basically cut
like the instinct to sweat
and to have the body deal with this. Natural emergency state has gone
the brain is off kilter exactly it started to fail so p.
also start to have dizziness
fusion delirium here,
no longer responding to you
external environment and that can really be deadly.
So what's the fastest way to cool somebody off in save somebody. If they get into this dangerous situation, it's an ice bath, it sounds
really simple, but it actually is the fastest way took full down your internal temperature and try
prevent organ failure, so this is,
What they use in emergency rooms is kind of a glorified ice bath, and you can also do.
in your home, but is that now
to drastic a temperature contrast. I asked and exercise physiologist about this because I thought the same but he's,
that there has been a fair amount of research on this and there is a greater risk of heat than there is of a can of temperature chine shock to your body so
the most important thing you can do is to call someone down ass, fast, ass, possible and an ice bath is the way. Ok, so ice bath got it. I will remember that
now dinner. You mentioned earlier that people with her
Conditions can be particularly susceptible to the dangers of extreme heat which you just laid out in pre frightening terms, I'm wondering: are there other people?
groups who are really vulnerable. I think this is really
fastening. An earlier article, I wrote during the summer heat waves looked at.
elderly people are really uniquely vulnerable to heat, and that's because,
both of our true cooling mechanisms, the sweating, an increase blood flow are hampered in
Of older adults, so older adults, just don't sweat very much in other sweat, glands
produce less sweat than they used to, and so that really important way to kill yourself down is
really not as available to you in that
a lot of older adults, partly just because of,
age, and partly because of pre existing conditions have decreased blood flow.
So again, the heart is just not as able to push as much blood to the surface of the skin
happens in a younger adults
The good news is that older adults who are physically fit. They do still maintain these coin mechanisms better, then unfit older adults so exercises.
almost always the most important thing you can do for yourself. How flies- and it's the same when it comes to extreme heat dean. I think what do you think
were actually realizing. Is that this extreme heat is here to stay right. This is our new climate reality and will have,
plenty more subjects like this, so many
This is our new normal, so
I'm wondering. Is there anyway to adapt?
To this, there is some research that
the human body can adapt to heat, and that is more
we in extreme athletes, so athletes who are
doing your long endurance, training in high temperatures and what,
and to see is that they actually start these cooling mechanisms faster, so they started
at lower temperatures, they have increased blood flow at lower temperatures they also more cardiovascular, only fit for their heart is just
well to withstand the stress of that increase blood flow.
heart rate for longer interesting. You know I I was over,
or in baghdad in iraq for a number of years- and it was a time when I was doing a lot of running and
we had this strip, we would run on and it was in a hundred and twenty degrees at eight p m
and I remember doing that run and just feeling, like you know, my body was so taxed, but I got good
it and then coming back to new york and running in central park and thinking? Oh, my god, this is, is it was so much easier to run in a normal temperature than to run it one twenty, but I did get used to the one twenty exactly so
The body is remarkable and it actually can adapt to these extreme temperatures but via,
not realistic? Frankly, for most people, especially again older adults and people with pre existing conditions who are the most are? Who are the most at risk for heat so well
is possible, is really not the best strategy that we should just think that biologically we can adapt to these extreme temperatures. I think we just really have to respect the heat and take it seriously, and I think that we're going to have to continue to adapt our behaviors our lifestyles going forward as we do
with hotter and hotter temperatures
so that means air conditioning, cooling centres, dehydration and doing those really practical, behavioral ways to cool yourself down in these hot pot, climates so just
smart about heat, is really essential and can be lifesaving Dana. Thank you,
Thank you we'll be right back.
Here's what you should know today:
fast moving wildfires killed. Thirty six people on the island of maui in hawaii in the past two days as gusty winds were amplified by hurricane dora, hundreds of miles to the south. Some residents survived by swimming
to the ocean where they were later rescued by the? U s: coastguard the fire
burned much of the historic town of le Heiner, hawaii royal capital
They had been largely contained by wednesday night and president Biden escalated his confrontation with china by signing an executive order that bans american investments in key
technology industries.
the order will prohibit venture capital and private equity firms from
putting money into chinese efforts to develop semi conductors and other micro.
like electronics, quantum
computers and certain artificial intelligence applications,
American officials stressed that the move was tailored to guard national security, but china is likely to see it as part of a wider campaign to contain its rise
today's episode was produced by diana with Carlos creative in summer tomorrow with her
From nina feldman and sydney harper, it was edited by devon taylor, with help from page coward, contains original music violation that youtube marian lozano and ruining bestow
and was engineered by Alyssa moxley, our theme music is by jim run and Ben lands for of wonderment
That's it for the daily I'm sabrina, tyrannies, cinema.
Transcript generated on 2023-08-13.