And now, for today's world locks winter weather alert. Why heartland unroll blocks has been wall up by a winter snow storm? It is a winter wonderland. You can now ice, skater state farm, part in state farm neighborhood. You can compete in snowball, fight, scrap a hot, cocoa and cookies and more there's also special events from your favorite artists implied casters all moved along with scavenger hunts, exclusive content and unique items so enjoy the festive winter weather at I heartland on rural blocks had to I heart radioed outcome slush. I heartland today,

I its neighbouring also from let these ass take the leave podcast through fun, yet intimate and revealing conversations laughing ass. Take the lead will dive into issues modern, let the inner space. We are the two hundred per centres, one hundred percent american and one hundred percent proudly. Let me now stay tuned for upcoming episodes where we will be talking to award winning others like a negative. They definitely didn't think that I could bear a professional writer. I just knew that I'd like to write and they made me feel better entrepreneurs like sand from not by laid out what I wanted to do was to create a high and looking round to disrupt the historically eurocentric beauty shelves we looking over twenty percent of the population, and yet I don't see any premium. Looking a brand social money experts, there's lots of different ways that you can make money, lifestyle, experts and war. Listen to letting us take the lead on the heart. Radio up, pebble pot casts or wherever you get. Your podcast on the part

past haunted road. We examined the history of the world's most notoriously haunted sites and talk to people who have experienced the supernatural their first hand ghosts are still wandering those halls waiting for someone to come in and out to join me most any bernie from televisions, kindred spirits and ghost hunters for a tour of history, true crime and, of course, those stories listen to haunted, rouses in four on the eye. Radio, app apple pod casts or wherever you listen to. Your favorite shows happy saturday, since the year without a summer, got a very brief mention and our roller coaster episode we're bringing that out of today's saturday classic and they

separated kicks off with us talking about author mary Robinson koala, who has actually been on the show. Since this episode came out, we interviewed her in twenty eight teen about her lady astronaut. Duality Tracy did that in our view, that is set during an alternate version of the space ring. So we talked about things like how she have waited in akron isms at various real world, historical people and events that played a role in the book. So if oaks are interested, the hearing that it's a really great talk, it came on august twentieth. Twenty eighteen, this episode came out on january, twelve, twenty fifteen so ensure way.

Welcome to stuff. You missed in history class, a production of I heart, radio, hello and welcome to the building and I'm holly fry, though perhaps you have heard of mary robinette for a while. Maybe you listening to this podcast she has written. Among other things, a series of novel are known as the glamorous histories, and these are basically jane, austen novels with magic. So if that sounds delightful you and you have not read them. You will probably, you'd be delighted because they're, pretty charming and touching and funny And the third one was some of my most recent airplane reading. While I was on a light and that book is called without a summer. Its

in eighteen, sixteen, and, in addition to several running mentions of past podcast subjects the luddites. There is ongoing discussion about whether about whether that years, unseasonably cold weather is caused by magic. Basically so this is at unseasonably cold, like chillier than normal, it's unseasonably cold, like it snowing in July, and all of the crops have frozen in the ground so in spite of the similarities and their names. I was so absorbed in this book that it was until the very end that I made the connection that this unseasonably called fictional setting is the same, as the real world event the year with, the summer witches also a listener request from listener, Cecile, so cecile you can think Mary I wanna go out for her bumping this to the top of the list because after we landed I was like I want to learn more about that and what really happened.

So this story actually starts with a volcano and The volcano, which was TIM Bora on the island of zimbabwe. Indonesia was proof. probably not the only factor in eighteen, sixteen bizarre weather and we'll talk about that a little bit more later, but it was done. but a very significant major part of it, and it had a media, devastating effects in asia and the tropical pacific and a lot of these are unfortunately really glossed over. When people talk about the year without a summer, there were several major volcanic eruptions and the early eighteen teams. One was soon bear on statements. An island in the caribbean in eighteen, twelve may, on in the philippines erected in eighteen fourteen, and then there was an immense explosion from ten bora which started on April fifth, eighteen fifteen and went on for days with the world If the eruption really getting going on the tenth

in the memoir of sir stamford raffles, the british lieutenant governor of java. The time quote, the first explode were heard on this island. In the evening of the fifth of April, they were noticed in every quarter and continue, at intervals until the following day The noise was, in the first instance, all universally attributed to distant cannon, so much so that a detachment of troops were march from joked jakarta in the expectation that a neighbouring post was attacked and alone the coast. Boats were in two instances, dispatched in quest of a supposed ship and distress, on the following morning, however, a slight fall of ashes removed. All doubt as to the cause of the sound and he goes on to say that it sounded so close that they really all believed. It was a volcano that was actually much closer to them than ten bora. When the eruption started eye witnesses on the island of symbolic reported three extreme

tall, very distinct columns of flame that came up from the volcanoes crater, and then they kind of cool ash into one another high up above it before cascading back down stones were on average, the sizeable walmart also rained down along with tons and tons of ash also falling in the vicinity of the mountain were trees and even animals that had been on the upper slopes, which were torn apart the eruption may erupt, didn't of timber in case you could not surmises from Tracy's description. What huge, it was much bigger and much deadlier than the far more well known eruption of Krakatoa. That happened. Almost seventy years later, people reported bring it as far away as sumatra, which is more than a thousand miles away from where it was happening. There was also so much Ash in the air that it was, according to reports, dark for three days,

it's worth three hundred miles around the volcano after the eruption pete the volcano itself, also got a lot shorter. It lost almost a third of its pre eruption. Height dropping from or a thousand two hundred to two thousand eight hundred meters now Surprisingly, the island of Zimbabwe was devastated more than and thousand people died in the eruption itself. The Entire island was covered an ash and this ash, an average depth of between fifty and sixty centimetres, so between twice in thirty inches of ash bash was the the closer you got to the volcano, and so much of it fell that buildings collapsed under its weight and a two thousand for archaeological expedition found a village that was buried under an ash layer. Ten feet thick ass bread to the north and northwest and getting the sea and the neighbouring islands brow

vessels reported patches of ash in the sea around indonesia. That was several feet deep and had to be essentially ploughed through two of zimbabwe's prince stems were completely strive and their common languages became extinct in the influx the volcanic material into the ocean, also spawned a soon army that struck other parts of the island as well as neighbouring islands, so that people who had survived the initial irruption wound are being killed. In the sooner me afterward most of the crime in the surrounding area were destroyed, and, as is so often the case when there is such a massive natural disaster famine and disease spread in its wake. including among livestock and wild animals. People came so hungry that they resorted to eating their horses, which were working animals that were necessary for transportation and for work, and all of this

the limited just to the island of symbolic people in neighbouring islands starve to death as volcanic ash killed their rice crops, was a massive migration to other islands, and some of those islands could not sustain the needs of all of these newcomers that were causing their economies and their food supplies to collapse If those islands were facing famines and epidemics of their own. In the wake of the volcano bali, lombard were particularly hard hit. Estimates of the total debt tall in indonesia really very but first It's generally agreed that it was at least one hundred seventeen thousand people who died in the eruption and its aftermath. It took more than five years before crops could be harvested again are the most affected parts of soon bower recovery extremely slow to govern Officials wrote that the prince terms of symbolic and dumbo were quote beginning to recover in eighteen to

before so work time. Almost a decade later, other prince in their words, still quote a desolate heap of rubble the whole thing had an extremely long, lasting effect on the islands, ecology you could. Probably then say that it was permanently changed and places she made the groundwork fertile, but it was also drier, so bali and lombard. So neighbouring islands wound up with really bountiful rice harvests a few years later, thanks to all the ash in the soil. But on via the volcano in the ash, destroyed all the vegetation and the street in the end, springs that the vegetation had been sheltering, consequently, dried up, so while the soil richer, it was also a lot drier. So Somalia didn't dick the same benefit as some of the other outlying islands did once it had started to recover the dough.

From the ash spread around the world caused brilliant sunsets and it also wreaked havoc with the weather over the following months. in the u s, dust in the air was reported in the washington dc daily national intelligence. Her on may first of eighteen. Sixteen norfolk virginia american beacon. On the ninth, the editor the Boston colombia sentinel remarked that the sun itself seemed dimmer on July, fifteenth which he thought because of sun spots, and why, there was a lot of sun spot activity. It was almost certainly because of all of the ash, an atmosphere so we're gonna take about exactly what that ash caused in terms of the weather after a brief word from a sponsor,

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a tree, hey debit card, remain high on eight january keith, Lamar convicted. the end, sentenced to death for killing five men during one of the longest and deadliest prison riots. In us history said he didn't do it and why god? I don't think he did it's hard to believe that twenty two thousand pieces of evidence are actually inadmissible. Did the prosecution depend heavily on the use of inmate testimony? That's a huge red flag case. Life is not as posable just because you got it wrong just because you needed somebody to blame people talk about time. He coordinated the moderators. I have told people I mean you know it all my life, I listened to the real killer on the eye heart, radio, app apple pie casts or wherever you get, your pot casts.

I'm Jay shetty, and on my podcast on purpose, I've had the honour to sit down with some of the most incredible hearts and minds on the planet. Oprah everything that has happened to you can also be a strength builder for you. If you allow Kobe bryant results, don't really matter is figuring out there, man,

Kevin Hart is not about us as a generation. At this point, it's about us trying our best to create change. Lewis Hamilton, that's for me been taking that moment for yourself each day being kind to yourself, because I think for a long time I wasn't kind to myself and many many more if you're attached to knowing you, don't have a capacity to learn on this podcast. You get to hear the raw real life stories behind their journeys and the tools they used. The books they read and the people that made a difference in their lives so that they can make a difference in hours, listened to on purpose, with Jay shetty on the iheart radio, app apple podcasts or wherever you get. Your podcast join the journey soon to return to canberra. Before we talk how this irruption affected the weather in parts of the world. We have a couple of caveats.

one. Is that the measurement and record keeping related to weathered statistics of really improve dramatically in the years? Since all of this happened most of the places we're talking about did not have any sort of methodical pattern of observing the weather in writing it down, which is something we pretty much take for granted, So that means a lot of the records that we have our erratic and subjective. But there is a of documentation overall, in the historical record, in the form of newspapers, letters, journals, diaries and other documents. So there's how much of it that we know just from that part. But this was a real event and not just somebody over reacting about a cold snap. also we have a lot of documentation about. Eighteen succeeds, whether in north america and europe and parts of asia, but

Well, it's pretty logical to conclude that the weather was completely weird everywhere. As a consequence of all of this volcanic activity, we have much less in the way of actual records from africa, south america and australia. So when we walk three, what we know, it is mostly from north american, european and asian points of view and north america particularly on the east coast, stretching from the carolinas all the way up. Three. What's now ontario and come back the spring of aid in sixteen was overall cooler and drier than normal. Although there were some big warm spells mixed in temperatures, kind of swung wildly from balmy to freezing and back again, in the summer, had three extreme cold spells enjoy In July and August, the first huge call, wave stretch from june fifth to june, eleventh features in new england dropped from the eightys to the forties in the wake of a thunderstorm and then they became the high for the next several days. Aid.

In inches of snow, was reported in cabot vermont on the eighth and a hard frost that stuff dwell in the south on the eleventh killed most of the crew, That had managed to survive up until that point people started to talk about the real possibility of a famine with it weeks new england, temperatures were really unseasonably hot again breaking one hundred in parts of Massachusetts doesn't happen all that often especially not this earlier this evening, another forty cold snap hit eastern north america starting on July. Sixth, in this case, frosts killed the replant crops, although it was not a snowy this time around most of the snow reported in the. U s was in the mountains of vermont, but further north, in montreal bodies of water completely froze over with a layer of ice. This Map also reached even farther south, causing cold weather and frosts in places that had escaped in the june wave a cold weather

came back again on august, twenty first causing more snow in the vermont mountains, along with frosts as far south as north carolina and as far west as kentucky and ohio just as alarming at this point was a drought which had effect much of the southern and eastern? U s in it, estimated that up to half of the cotton crop in the south failed because of this dry weather, green pray, skyrocketed and the drought didn't bake until september after the cold weather, was over only to be about to start again because it was heading into autumn, the pie, to flower rose from four dollars a barrel to between eleven and twenty dollars per barrel. The whole the price of wheat nearly doubled and the price of virtually every food staple shot up. There was so a huge increase in migration of farmers from the eastern united states into the west, as people hoped that they would find a bet. We're growing conditions and because,

west really haven't seen the kind of unseasonable cold that the east coast had about twice, as many people decided move west that year, as was typical at that point, in several states, including new york, virginia pennsylvania and new jersey, people called for a ban on distillery because of the grain shortage, when people couldn't afford into feed their livestock and their working animals, they ate the animals instead I was north America's eighteen sixteen summer in europe. The summer was similarly wintery, but it also seem It got all the rain that north amerika had been missing. Western Europe was the most affected, but crops failed all over the continent thanks to the fields being flooded and later frozen crops that are sensitive to happen. too much water. Like wine, grapes really suffered in their quality when they managed to survive.

Thus, all the incessant rain made things generally wet and mouldy, because horses were the main source of trade, rotation and grain became so much more expensive. The cost of travel in europe skyrocketed fan, in spread in switzerland and ireland in switzer when the government had to distribute information about how to tell poisonous plants from ones that were safe to eat as people. this scavenge what they could from out in the woods or the wilds, in ireland, a typhus epidemic spread in the wake of the famine. The story that sticks in a lot people's minds about how this played out in europe is that the infamous evening, in which george Gordon lord byron proposed that all of his guests at his legs geneva, villa a story. That's the visit which Mary shelly wound up writing frankenstein that happened. In the middle of this cold wretched summer

and also written during this was byron's poem darkness. In that poem begins. I had a dream, which was not all a dream. Right. Son was extinguished and the stars did wandered darkling in the eternal space, rayless and path with any icy earth swung blind and blackmail in the moonless air. More. came and went and came in no day and men their passions in the dread of this their desolation and all heart were chilled to a selfish prayer for light. In asia. Moving on to the third big place, we have lots of information about them. Cain o disrupted the monsoon cycle in india and korea, so things were dry when they were supposed to be wet and then way wetter than they were supposed to be once the rain actually arrived. This caused rice crop which really rely on that monsoon cycle to fail all over

The change in the weather also affected, which bacteria could thrive in the bay of bengal Unfortunately, one species that did thrive was a new strain of cholera, which people had less resistance to than previous strains. Bingo or a spread out of india to the rest of the world in eighteen, seventeen and the strain killed. Tens of millions of people There is actually some debate in the scientific community about just how much of this shift had to do with the volcano and union province and south western china crops failed in the face of just better bitter cold and a much wider season normal and the book tat bora. The eruption that change the world author, gilan darcy, would connects this and this massive crop failure and famine to the right. as of opium growth in unit as farmers turned to it and desperation as a way to try to make enough money to survive when the rest of their crops had failed.

A huge famine swept through southwest china and it lasted for years, neighbouring to China, had an influx of refugees in much of the nation faced as serious social unrest. So before we talk, at some of the theories at the time for what was going on. Let's have another pause forward from a sponsor that sounds grand

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I've been debit card And then one day, country, Keith Lamar convict and and sentenced to death for killing five men during one of the longest and deadliest prison riots in us history, except he didn't do it and my god, I don't think he did it's hard to believe that twenty two thousand pieces of evidence are actually inadmissible. Did the prosecution depend heavily on the use of inmate testimony? That's a huge red flag case. Life is not as posable just because you got it wrong just because you needed somebody to blame people talk about time, garner the barbarians. I have told people, You know we don't about. After my life, listen to the real killer on the eye heart, radio, up apple pie casts or wherever you get your pod casts

I'm just sherry and, on my part, cost on purpose. I've had the honour to sit down with some of the most incredible hearts and minds on the planet. Oprah everything that has happened to you can also be a strength builder for you. If you allow Kobe bryant results, don't really matter is figuring out there, man,

Kevin. Hart is not about us as a generation. At this point, it's about us trying our best to create change. Lewis Hamilton, that's for me been taking that moment for yourself each day being kind to yourself, because I think for a long time I wasn't kind to myself and many many more if you're attached to knowing you, don't have a capacity to learn on this podcast. You get to hear the raw real life stories behind their journeys and the tools they used, the books they read and the people that made a difference in their lives so that they can make a difference in hours, listened to on purpose, with Jay shetty on the iheart radio, app apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcast join. The journey soon The one surprisingly there were many many explanation that the time for what was going on and what was causing this just bizarre weather actually start with a story about why the volcano erupted. In the first place, the poppy

Action of Zimbabwe was largely muslim and there was a focus, ill, explaining the event, and that was that a prince had four at a devout muslim, a dog and then killed him, and the volcano irruption was an act of divine rep retribution for that act. a range of explanations for the weather cropped up in north america and Europe as well, a prey harry. Theory was sunspots, as we mention briefly earlier. There were or of extremely large sunspots that year, some of which were visible to the unaided aim, and people thought. Darker areas of the sun were colder, which is true. and a cold or sun meant colder weather not. Everyone was on board with this idea, though, since the timing of the sun spots did not always match up with the coldest whether there is the Actually a lot of continued study and discussion about exactly how much sun spots can affect the earth, the weather and climate and its partly but

Is this all happens on such a huge scale and the sun spot cycle itself is so long that is almost impossible to ice, it just sun spots from all of the other stuff in the world, that's going on, while the sun spot cycle is peeking. Yet It really turn off the sun to get a control group without it, yeah and you turn off the volcanoes dilatory, but ass. The sun, though I really tried to find a definitive answer of good sunspots I've been and that there's not a definitive answer another's Theory at this time is that something to do with ice in north, America, I seemed to persist in the great lakes for longer than normal. In a number of ships reported huge ice floes floating in the north atlantic. People thought that all of this, ice was actually sucking. The heat out of the atmosphere. this is more of a cause and effect situation. It was more ice on the great lakes because it was colder than normal, but

There was more ice floating in the northern atlantic because this whole time actually caused a warming trend over the pole. it, and so a lot of polar ice broke up and floated. Way, so that it was more the cause and effect situation bed, the the ice sucking the heat out of the air all, Oh, a series of pretty large earthquakes had struck various points on the earth in the eighteen, teens and people also blamed the weather on this. The idea was that the its motion had somehow caused some kind of fluid willeby m between the surface of the earth in the atmosphere and that until some thing broke them, at equilibrium that there were. Not be enough. Warmth available for crops to grow other scapegoats there, named as the cause of all of these problems, Benjamin franklin, lightning rights there.

her stealing electricity and disrupting the weather, because you know he'd invented them in the mid seventeen hundreds and they become more commonplace since then. So clearly, since that happened before the weather. It must have caused this terrible weather. There are so many explanations that logic is a sound yeah there any. We still see this today Who would people don't totally understand? Something and they'll feel like that, because one thing happened before another thing that the first thing caused the second thing and often not true at all. right. It's that, like chronological causality, attribution, that's not not always valid, though The prevailing theory today is that the volcanic activity, including that ten bora and the other irruption that were mentioned at the top. The show was at least one of the press.

Very contributors- and this was actually something that people did discuss a little bit at the time. It was certainly not a widespread beery, but there were people who were like you know. Maybe all this ash and the atmosphere which from a volcano is making a colder people are pretty smart. That way. However, eighteen sixteen was not the only year in that time period. Add, weird weather, In general, it was colder than normal in a lot of places from eighteen, twelve to eighteen, seventeen to the point that people take notice and by studying things like scores and tree rings, and that kind of long term documentation that the earth leaves of itself scientists spare that this was really just a little five year window of a cold snap. The eighteen hundred spell it the end of a relative cool snap at last at around the world for almost five hundred years, starting in fourteen red and ending in around eighteen. Sixty.

At least in the: u s, the year without a summer prompted people to start making more routine observances and recordings of weather conditions The commissioner general of the land office desire meigs, sent out a memo to all of his registers at twenty differently and offices, instructing them to me can record a number of observations about everything from the weather to animal migrations. The military also started making in recording whether observations at the direction of Joseph level, the surgeon general of the army and the patent office in the smithsonian institution got it on the action as well, and consequently, the first publish whether fork asked came out in the: u s and eighteen, forty nine, so I started researching this episode. I kind of expected it to be a little bit like the long winter. Part too, though we talked about the long winter. which laura Ingalls wilder wrote about last time about this time of year, then that was the weather was really called. Things are really hard. Things were too

but overall everything worked out. Ok for the most part- and I sort of thought this is gonna- be similar to that I was not expecting all of the famines and death and the extreme scale of how deadly the volcano was a lot of Like a lot of people who have written to suggest, the topic are other things that I've seen about. And go. This was the year that had terrible weather a volcano I've been, and the best sort of all that sad The volcano as though the volcano was on an island that was totally uninhabited right, and that is not the case at all. This episode gives me flashbacks to win I was a kid amounting hellenes ST erupted, because I lived in washington state at the time. so I am very familiar with being covered with ash I've. Never

live near and active volcanoes, though I have not had that experience. Those are wild times. I remain my biggest concern and again I was a child at the time, so my biggest concern was at all the animals have been killed. I was really upset about the animals that may have lost their lives, even though Probably most of them fled before the activity actually started. I'm sure I'm still also lies, but that was my big focus as a child. I did not care that there crap all over everything we own did letting half inch of ash sitting everywhere. As like what about that dear, I was really that my focus wow thanks so much for joining us on a saturday, since this episode is out of the archive, if you heard an email address or a facebook, you rl, or something similar over the course of the show that could be obsolete now, a current email address is history. Podcast at I heart, radio dot com are old house.

Firstly, works address no longer works. You can find us over social media at missed in history, and you can see bribed to our shared on apple pie, CAS Google podcast, the eye heart radio app and wherever else he wasn't, the fog casts stuffy miss than history class in the production of high heart radio for more planned cap. For my heart radio miserably I her radio habit, mancha or wherever you listen to your favorite, show.

so we know you like listening to shows about the eighteen hundreds, but your financial strategies shouldn't be stuck in the past. The honest paying with gold bars doesn't get you on how far these days get with the times and get your money up the snuff. By listening to how the money we cover a range of apple topics for modern folks, like saving money, the grocery store, maximizing your income potential and what to do about new fangled fads like crypto currency. Listen to how to money on the eye: heart, radio, app apple pie, gas or wherever you tripod guests.

I it's neighbouring also from let these ass take the leave podcast through fun, yet intimate and revealing conversations laughing ass, take the lead will die of into issues modern, let the inner space. We are the two hundred per centres, one hundred percent american and one hundred percent proudly. Let me now stay tuned for upcoming episodes where we will be talking to award winning others like a negative. They definitely didn't think that I could bear a professional writer. I just knew that I'd like to write and they made me feel better entrepreneurs like sand from not by laid out what I wanted to do was to create a high and looking round to disrupt the historically eurocentric beauty shelves we looking over twenty percent of the population, and yet I don't see any premium. Looking a brand social money experts, there's lots of different ways that you can make money, lifestyle, experts and war. Listen to letting us take the lead on the heart. Radio up, pebble pot casts or wherever you get your podcast

the pod cast transport. These staff, who murdered captain cora, tells the story of colombia's drug wars. Babbler ways about his death was supposed to bring peace to mitigate, but that peace was shattered for better corral when his father was murdered. Two sites, criminals and law enforcement in a battle to death in the middle of city, full of innocent people. The result, thousands of forgotten victims, listen to transport. These tat, who murdered captain kirk out on the irish radio up apple party, casts wherever you get your part guests